托福閱讀因果邏輯深入剖析(1)-識(shí)別

 前情回顧, 我們使用TPO48 Passage 1 The Population Growth in China 發(fā)現(xiàn)并研究了托福閱讀對(duì)因果邏輯的著重考察, 數(shù)字表現(xiàn)就是總共13個(gè)題目中有8道考核對(duì)因果關(guān)系的理解. 在實(shí)際教學(xué)中, 經(jīng)常有同學(xué)向我大聲吐槽:老師道理我都懂, 每個(gè)單詞我也都認(rèn)識(shí),因果邏輯我也識(shí)別出來(lái)了, 但是湊到一塊,我還是看不明白句子的意思. 我相信在本文的讀者里也有類(lèi)似的困惑. 接下來(lái), 我們本系列的文章將對(duì)一下兩方面進(jìn)行討論:

l 你以為你認(rèn)識(shí)的因果,其實(shí)不然(顯性&隱性因果詞/詞組的句子的分析);

l 梳理因果邏輯的句子(以句子簡(jiǎn)化題為例)來(lái)解題;

一、識(shí)別帶有因果邏輯的句子

我們要清楚, 1個(gè)有因果邏輯的句子必定要確認(rèn)邏輯詞、原因和結(jié)果.來(lái)看下列真題例句,當(dāng)然順序是先易后難, 先常見(jiàn)直白再相對(duì)低頻復(fù)雜.

在進(jìn)行例句展示前,貼心的柳杉老師先帶大家回顧上期文章()中討論過(guò)的知識(shí)點(diǎn), 顯性因果和隱性因果.

所謂的顯性因果指關(guān)系詞本身就是因果含義, 常見(jiàn)的如because, cause, due to, lead to, result in 等, 隱性因果指的是單詞或詞組本意不是因果,但是承擔(dān)因果之意, 常見(jiàn)的如bring about, precipitate, pose, create, allow, enable等. 參看下句:  Geological isolation brings about diversity. 字面翻譯是:地理隔絕帶來(lái)了多樣性.但是本質(zhì)上是地理隔絕導(dǎo)致了多樣性.這就是一個(gè)隱性因果的案例. 

當(dāng)然啦, 你也可以把因果關(guān)系詞從詞性的角度進(jìn)行劃分.

l 連詞: because, so, as, for...

l 動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組: help, create, lead to, result in....

l 副詞: consequently, accordingly...

l 介詞詞組: as a result of, due to...

下面進(jìn)入實(shí)戰(zhàn)環(huán)節(jié).

1. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. 

常見(jiàn)顯性邏輯詞because因?yàn)?由于,該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 有些句子不屬于總結(jié),因?yàn)?/span>這些句子表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)在文章中不存在或者屬于文章的次要觀點(diǎn).

2. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.

常見(jiàn)顯性邏輯詞so所以, 該例句是前因后果. 意思如下: 因?yàn)橛秃蜌舛急人�密度�? 所以他們會(huì)穿過(guò)水浸巖石和沉淀物向上升起.

3. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life.

常見(jiàn)顯性邏輯詞therefore所以, 該例句是前因后果. 意思如下: 因?yàn)橛行┩寥廊狈ξ⒘繝I(yíng)養(yǎng), 所以他們不能夠養(yǎng)活/支持大部分的植物.

4. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability.

常見(jiàn)顯性邏輯詞hence 所以,該例句是前因后果. 意思如下: 因?yàn)樗麄冎荒茏鲞@些來(lái)代表全球氣候的復(fù)雜性, 所以他們只能給予關(guān)于自然多樣性有限的信息.

5. Thanks to their ready access to the sea, these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding.

常見(jiàn)隱性邏輯詞組thanks to因?yàn)?由于, 該例句是前因后果. 意思如下: 由于他們很容易接觸到海洋, 所以這些國(guó)家享受到在商業(yè)航行,捕魚(yú)和造船上的優(yōu)勢(shì).

6. It is the conventional theory that when people are bored or sleepy, they often experience a drop in blood oxygen levels due to their shallow breathing.

常見(jiàn)顯性邏輯詞due to因?yàn)?由于, 該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 傳統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為當(dāng)人們累或者困時(shí), 他們的血壓會(huì)降低因?yàn)?/span>淺呼吸.

7. First, the observation may be unreliable in that two or more observers may not agree that the particular response occurred, or to what degree it occurred

邏輯詞組in that因?yàn)?由于, 該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 這個(gè)觀察可能是不可靠的, 因?yàn)?/span>有多于2個(gè)觀察者對(duì)那個(gè)特定的反應(yīng)發(fā)生或者發(fā)生的程度是有爭(zhēng)議的.

8. To escape notice, an animal may move or change color so that its color pattern is not visible.

常見(jiàn)邏輯詞so that所以, 該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 為了不被注意, 動(dòng)物會(huì)移動(dòng)或者改變顏色, 所以它的顏色規(guī)律是不可見(jiàn)的.

9. When several individuals of the same species or of several different species depend on the same limited resource, a situation may arise that is referred to as competition.

動(dòng)詞詞組depend on取決于/依賴于, 隱性因果詞, 該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 當(dāng)一個(gè)或者多個(gè)物種的幾個(gè)個(gè)體取決于/依賴于相同的有限的資源時(shí), 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就出現(xiàn)了.  換言之, 因?yàn)?/span>物種依賴同樣的資源, 所以他們彼此競(jìng)爭(zhēng).

10. Heat and air are trapped in the irregular spaces between buildings, which creates the atmospheric conditions that result in storms and winds.

動(dòng)詞詞組result in導(dǎo)致,該例句是前果后因,顯性因果詞. 意思如下: 熱量和空氣被困在建筑物間不規(guī)則的空間里, 熱量和空氣創(chuàng)造了導(dǎo)致暴風(fēng)雨和風(fēng)的氣象條件.

11. High levels of diversity in the tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do.

動(dòng)詞詞組attribute to因?yàn)?由于,該例句是前果后因,隱性因果詞. 意思如下: 熱帶地區(qū)高水平的多樣性有時(shí)候因?yàn)?由于熱帶地區(qū)比高緯度地區(qū)有更多的陸地表面.

12. At these temperatures, collisions between ice crystals and falling ice pellets produce positively charged ice pellets that then populate a small region at the base of the cloud.

動(dòng)詞produce產(chǎn)生也可以表示產(chǎn)生/導(dǎo)致,隱性因果詞, 該例句是前因后果. 意思如下:在這些溫度, 冰晶和下落的冰粒間的碰撞產(chǎn)生/導(dǎo)致了陽(yáng)性電子的冰粒, 這些冰粒之后在云團(tuán)的底部的一小塊生存.

13.  The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics.

for做連詞連接句子時(shí)也可以表示因?yàn)? 該例句是前果后因. 意思如下:宗教雕像的傳統(tǒng)覆蓋了大部分歷史時(shí)期但是跟陶器或者瓷器相比,它的描述比較模糊, 因?yàn)?/span>它和古老的陶制隨葬傳統(tǒng)有關(guān)系.

14. Since seagrass systems exist in both sheltered and relatively open areas, they are subject to differing amounts of water motion.

since做連詞連接句子時(shí)也可以表示因?yàn)?該例句是前因后果. 意思如下:因?yàn)?/span>海草在有遮蔽的和相對(duì)開(kāi)闊的地方都存在, 所以他們受不同量的水運(yùn)動(dòng)影響.

l 特別提醒: since做連詞時(shí)還可以表達(dá)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯哦.

15. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

as做連詞連接句子時(shí)也可以表示因?yàn)?該例句是前果后因. 意思如下: 做這份工作的人們經(jīng)常會(huì)和同時(shí)發(fā)展出比較親密的關(guān)系, 因?yàn)?/span>他們分享抱怨,玩笑,八卦,和滿足感.

l 特別提醒: as做連詞時(shí)還可以表達(dá)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯哦.

16. Furthermore, if the major resource for a species becomes scarce, the species can usually shift to alternative resources.

條件邏輯詞if 也可以表達(dá)因?yàn)? 意思如下: 如果一個(gè)物種的主要資源變得稀少, 那么這個(gè)物種通常會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向替代資源. 換言之, 因?yàn)?/span>一個(gè)物種的主要資源變得稀少, 所以這個(gè)物種通常會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向替代資源. 想不到吧,哈哈o(^▽^)o.

前10個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)的因果邏輯詞/詞組大家還是比較熟悉的, 那么從第11句開(kāi)始,其中的邏輯用詞你確定你能夠快速準(zhǔn)確的識(shí)別出來(lái)嗎? 當(dāng)然,這16組是托福閱讀相當(dāng)高頻的因果邏輯詞, 如果你想了解其他的,可以留言勾搭微信公眾號(hào)“鄭小新”求親親求抱抱和更詳細(xì)的因果詞總結(jié)哦(●？？？●).

本篇文章已經(jīng)詳細(xì)介紹了因果邏輯的識(shí)別和翻譯, 下次我們要使用有因果邏輯的句子簡(jiǎn)化題來(lái)研究如何識(shí)別和破解托福長(zhǎng)難句.